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Online Publishing Date:
19 / 08 / 2021

 


Smoking, diabetes mellitus, and obesity as risk factors of gastroesophageal reflux disease and extraesophageal symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease: A case–control study

Sreekala K N, Cinthya C Das, Jiya Michael, Josephine Vincent.


Abstract
Background: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a spectrum of disease usually producing symptoms of heartburn and acid regurgitation. Its prevalence in general population is about 12–17% worldwide. There are many suggested risk factors for GERD.

Aim and Objective: This study was conducted to find out whether smoking, diabetes mellitus (DM), and obesity are risk factors of GERD and to find out the extraesophageal symptoms of GERD.

Materials and Methods: This is a case–control study matched for age done in 46 GERD patients who were cases and 92 subjects with dyspepsia who were not having GERD as controls. The statistical analysis was done to find out proportions and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI).

Results: Most of the study subjects were in the age group of 40–49 years. About 59% were males. About 14% were smokers and 25% were diabetics. OR for smoking, DM, and obesity was 3.706, 5.571, and 3.618, respectively. About 28% of the GERD patients had easy tiredness.

Conclusion: In this study, smoking and DM were found to be the risk factors of GERD based on OR with 95% CI. The most frequent extraesophageal symptom among GERD patients was found to be tiredness.

Key words: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease; Smoking; Diabetes Mellitus; Obesity


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

N SK, Das CC, Michael J, Vincent J. Smoking, diabetes mellitus, and obesity as risk factors of gastroesophageal reflux disease and extraesophageal symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease: A case–control study. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol. 2022; 12(2): 107-110. doi:10.5455/njppp.2022.12.08277202106082021

Web Style

N SK, Das CC, Michael J, Vincent J. Smoking, diabetes mellitus, and obesity as risk factors of gastroesophageal reflux disease and extraesophageal symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease: A case–control study. https://www.njppp.com/?mno=107001 [Access: March 15, 2024]. doi:10.5455/njppp.2022.12.08277202106082021

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

N SK, Das CC, Michael J, Vincent J. Smoking, diabetes mellitus, and obesity as risk factors of gastroesophageal reflux disease and extraesophageal symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease: A case–control study. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol. 2022; 12(2): 107-110. doi:10.5455/njppp.2022.12.08277202106082021


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

N SK, Das CC, Michael J, Vincent J. Smoking, diabetes mellitus, and obesity as risk factors of gastroesophageal reflux disease and extraesophageal symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease: A case–control study. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol. (2022), [cited March 15, 2024]; 12(2): 107-110. doi:10.5455/njppp.2022.12.08277202106082021


Harvard Style

N, S. K., Das, . C. C., Michael, . J. & Vincent, . J. (2022) Smoking, diabetes mellitus, and obesity as risk factors of gastroesophageal reflux disease and extraesophageal symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease: A case–control study. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol, 12 (2), 107-110. doi:10.5455/njppp.2022.12.08277202106082021


Turabian Style

N, Sreekala K, Cinthya C Das, Jiya Michael, and Josephine Vincent. 2022. Smoking, diabetes mellitus, and obesity as risk factors of gastroesophageal reflux disease and extraesophageal symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease: A case–control study. National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 12 (2), 107-110. doi:10.5455/njppp.2022.12.08277202106082021


Chicago Style

N, Sreekala K, Cinthya C Das, Jiya Michael, and Josephine Vincent. "Smoking, diabetes mellitus, and obesity as risk factors of gastroesophageal reflux disease and extraesophageal symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease: A case–control study." National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology 12 (2022), 107-110. doi:10.5455/njppp.2022.12.08277202106082021


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

N, Sreekala K, Cinthya C Das, Jiya Michael, and Josephine Vincent. "Smoking, diabetes mellitus, and obesity as risk factors of gastroesophageal reflux disease and extraesophageal symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease: A case–control study." National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology 12.2 (2022), 107-110. Print. doi:10.5455/njppp.2022.12.08277202106082021


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

N, S. K., Das, . C. C., Michael, . J. & Vincent, . J. (2022) Smoking, diabetes mellitus, and obesity as risk factors of gastroesophageal reflux disease and extraesophageal symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease: A case–control study. National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 12 (2), 107-110. doi:10.5455/njppp.2022.12.08277202106082021


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